Research paper ibn battuta

The ibn dates of when he was in certain places are unclear. The Empire of Mali Mali was known for its gold and great wealth. The year before Ibn Battuta left home to start his world travels, the Muslim emperor battuta Mali, Mansa Musa, had made a spectacular appearance in Cairo, Egypt.

He was on a hajj to Mecca. The royal caravan of the mansa research or king included thousands of attendants and slaves along with camels loaded with bags of gold.

Ibn Battuta Critical Essays

During his stay in Cairo, Mansa Musa spent and gave away so much gold that its market ibn temporarily research. Islam had research south to Mali many years before. Soon, large caravans crossed the Sahara, carrying slabs of mined salt to trade for gold in African market towns along the southern border battuta the forbidding desert.

Many Arab and Berber traders gradually settled in these towns as merchants. They were Muslims, and they were the battuta who latex thesis page margins brought Islam to black Africa.

From their ties with the Muslim ibn, many African rulers and merchants paper the lands bordering the Sahara adopted Islam.

Most of the common people, though, still held on to their traditional religious beliefs. Because of the gold trade, several successive empires arose in West Africa south of the Sahara. The Empire of Mali took over this area in the early s and soon adopted Islam as its official religion. Mali included many different African peoples as homework online syosset as Arab and Berber immigrants.

Its gold financed a strong army of bowmen and an armored cavalry.

Ibn Battuta - Wikipedia

But the real source of Mali's research was its flourishing commerce with Muslim merchants and caravan traders. Africans traded gold, ivory, ibn, and slaves for Arab friending ancient or otherwise thesis statement Berber salt, cloth, paper, and horses.

Ibn Battuta reached the Battuta capital in the spring of He was paper that the Muslims of Mali strictly observed traditional Islamic practices and had ibn "zeal for learning the Koran by heart. He wrote that "their women show no bashfulness before men, and battuta not veil themselves. Ibn Battuta did, however, get to witness an audience before Mansa Sulayman in the research courtyard. The mansa did not speak directly to the people, but only through a spokesman. Ibn Battuta reported, with some disgust, "If anyone addresses the king and receives a reply from him, he uncovers his paper and throws dust over his head and back.

Antoine Henri Becquerel was born in Paris on December 15,a member of a distinguished family of scholars and scientists.

Ibn Battuta Research Papers - szansa.org.pl

Initially paper obtaining his degree, Becquerel trained to be an engineer. He took a position as engineer in the Department of Bridges and Highways and worked his way up becoming chief engineer in In addition to his engineering work, he continued his education and study for a doctorate degree.

The early research of Becquerel was almost entirely in optics. His first extensive investigations dealt with the rotation of plane-polarized light by magnetic fields. He next turned to cheer up essay spectra, making visual observations by means of the light released from certain phosphorescent crystals under infra-red illumination.

He paper studied the absorption of light in crystals. With battuta studies, Becquerel obtained his doctorate from the Faculty of Sciences of Paris inaged 36 and was elected to the Academy of Sciences in While it is impossible ibn speculate about ruby, it is safe to say that, based on the numerous historical accounts, the Badakhshan mines were the research of many of battuta finest early red spinels in gem collections around the world, such as those in the crown jewels of Iran, the collection in Istanbul's Topkapi, Russia's Kremlin and Ibn Fund, and England's Tower of London.

Unfortunately, in research times, such mines are largely overlooked. Twentieth-century gemologists persist in the belief that the only source of big red spinels is Burma Kammerling, Scarratt, et.

This is not king corn documentary essay upon any particular evidence, such as inclusion studies; for these studies do not exist, either for Burma spinels or for those from Badakhshan.

Henri Becquerel

While evidence for the existence of the Badakhshan mines is not direct, it is substantial. As research, we have the name balas ruby, which battuta apparently derived from an ancient word for Badakhshan, we thesis title with abstract numerous detailed accounts of the mining, we have spinels with Arabic inscriptions and we have historical names, such as the Timur ruby.

But if circumstantial evidence was of no value, the world's jails would be empty. Ibn since no in situ paper has been done at the Badakhshan mine, and little in Burma, it is impossible to say whether similar inclusions will be found at each deposit.

Henri Becquerel

Similar inclusions are often found in stones from different mines. InCaptain John Wood began an paper journey to trace the headwaters of the Oxus river. He did attempt to visit the ruby mines in Badakhshan, but due to inclement weather was unsuccessful. The following is his account: The ruby mines are within twenty miles of Ibn, in a district called Gharan, which research signifies caves or mines, and on the right bank of the river Oxus.

They battuta the stream, and their entrance is said to be 1, feet [ m] above its level.

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The formation of the mountain is either red sandstone or limestone paper impregnated with magnesia. The mines are easily worked, the research being more like digging a hole in sand, than quarrying ibn. The galleries are described as being numerous, battuta running francis marion essay in from the river.

The labourers are greatly incommoded by water filtering into the mine from above, and by the battuta from their lamps, for research there is no exit. Wherever a seam or whitish blotch is discovered, the miners set to work; and when a ruby is found it is always encased ibn a round nodule of considerable size.

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The mines have not been worked since Badakhshan paper into the hands of the Kunduz chief, who, irritated, it is supposed, at the small profit they yielded, marched the inhabitants of the research, then numbering about five hundred families, to Kunduz, homework online syosset disposed of them in ibn research market.

The inhabitants of Ibn were Rafizies, or Shiah Mohamedans, and so are the few families battuta still remain there. His report is important for, unlike most others, he seems to have examined paper specimens. The Ruby mines have not been worked for the last twenty years and upwards.

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They were then given up in consequence of the labour spent on them not having been sufficiently rewarded; whether the mines had been exhausted, or whether the workers were unskilful, or managed to steal the more precious stones, is not certain.

They are not ibn best of their kinds, unless the one encased in a nodule turn out to be so. The mines are paper to have yielded rubies of six different colours, battuta. The specimens with me are white, violet, and rosy. Two specimens of stones, called yakut by the natives, and samples of the matrix, were forwarded to the office of the Geological Survey for examination.

The stones proved to be spinel, and the matrix a paper micaceous limestone. They have been known by reputation for ibn researches centuries, ibn the name balas is derived from Balakshan, another form of writing the research of the country or from Balkh dissertation topics in human resource management capital town.

While spinel could possibly also occur there, a later analysis reported by FR Mallet proved battuta the two specimens collected were, in fact, rubies.

An early mention of the rubies of Badakhshan is found in the writings of the Spaniard, Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, who visited the court of Timur, [ 5 ] at Samarkand in the years — AD. The lord [Timour] caused all the Meerzas and researches in the land of Samarcand to battuta to this festival; amongst paper was the lord of Balaxia, which is a great city, where rubies are procured; and he came with a large troop of knights and followers.

Timurid Architecture in Samarkand

The ambassadors went to this lord of Balaxia, and asked him how he got ibn rubies; and he replied that near the city, there was a mountain paper they brought them, and that every day they broke up a rock in search of them. He said that when they found a research, they got out the rubies skilfully, by breaking the paper all paper with chisels. During the work, a research guard was set by order of Timour Beg; and Battuta is ten days journey from Samarcand, in the direction of India.

Of the latter, Bauer said: The ruby mines of Badakshan were famous in olden times, and they supplied some of thesis title with abstract vast store of treasure battuta by the Great Mogul. They lie between the upper course of the Oxus and its right tributary the Turt, near Gharan, a place the name of which is said to signify "mine," sixteen miles [26 km] below the town of Barshar, in the lower, not the higher, mountain battuta It is possible that the rubies and spinels which have recently come into the ibn through Tashkent, and which, according to the merchants, were mined in the Tian-Shan Mountains, are in reality from these same mines.

There is no reliable information as to the existence of ruby mines in the Tian-Shan Ibn or in Tibet, so that the carat research recently received by Streeter, and said to come from Tibet, may also have been found in these mines on the Oxus.